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Реферат: История коневодства в Тамбовской области

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Реферат: История коневодства в Тамбовской области

Horse-breeding in the Tambov Area

Applicant: Irina Nikitina, the pupil of the 11 “B” form CG

Supervisors: L.I. Ivina, the teacher of Biology

L.N. Kozhevnikova, the teacher of English

Tambov 1998

Historically Tambov area has been known as the territory of chanters. By the

amount of private stud farms it challenged superiority of Voronezh, Oryol and

Kursk areas. The development of horse breeding in many respects was promoted

by two circumstances. First because of the flood plains, where the herds

freely grazed (only in one Morshansk area today are left about 20 thousands

hectares even after rash ploughing up of a large part of flood plains).

Secondly, and it is also important, the deep pocket of the Tambov landowners.

They had large and sometimes fabulous capitals. So, one of brothers

Archarov’s, the holder of extensive lands in Rasskasovo area, bestowed him by

Katherine П, handed the whole horse regiment to the Tambov national militia

in 1812, by putting on the horses his own bonded recruits. He also gave

regimentals, armed and supplied the regiment with provisions for three

months. Nobody in Russia made such generous gift for army that time.

Count Stroganov, princess Golitsina, general Lanskoy (the second husband of

Natalya Goncharova), Bashmakov - the Tambov millionaire and holder of gold

mines beyond Urals, old-line noblemen the Naryshkin’s, the Arapov’s and many

other had their own stud farms in Tambov area. The Lavrovsky stud farm, which

nowadays has worldwide glory, was built in Tambov land by the landowner

Voeykov.

The merchantry tried not to drop behind from the aristocracy. One of the

Aseev’s brothers, the holder of Arzhenka cloth factory, has purchased the

stud farm from a widow of the local broken landowner Kruchenkov. The example

of Aseev, but without the raping, was followed also by other industrial aces

from the districts of the region. It was considered very prestigiously.

We should remember that horse-breeding remained one of the few worthy

commercial activities for the aristocrats. In 1840, when Chicherin, the

relative of our future Minister for Foreign Affairs, has opened distillery in

Lyada and the landowners Tulinov and Poltoratsky have purchased cloth

factories, noble society has apprehended it as mauvais ton. But the pinces

and dukes and members of the tsarist family very well descended to trading

horses from theirs stud farms.

All reading Russia knew from the story by Turgenev about inveterate chanters

from the district city of Tambov region with a beautiful name - Lebedyan. But

only few know today, that the fans of equitation created there the first

Russian association and issued first horseracing journal. Much earlier than

in metropolis and Moscow, the prize-winning horserace of Oryol trotters were

arranged in Lebedyan. Several years later the same association of equitation

fans was also established in Tambov. This association built on share

contributions the three-storey building for its club on former Dvortsovaya,

nowadays Sovietskaya Street, one of first in the center of our city (now The

Department of Communications). In this club the horse-breeders from all

Tambov districts met at card tables and in the hall of extensive library.

The special page in a history of domestic horse-breeding were written by the

life copers brothers Demin’s from Kozlov. They managed to get and turn over

the blooded trotters even from Khrenov farm of count Aleksey Orlov. Although,

only after his death. While alive the count strictly forbade selling his

horses. Demin’s were in close friendship with former count’s adscript Vasiliy

Ivanovich Shishkin, the manager of Khrenov farm. Shortly Shishkin opened his

own stud farm.

The abundance of private stud farms in the region produced big horse fairs,

beginning from Lebedyanskaya and finishing with Tokaryovskaya, one of

cheapest in country. On Tambov fairs the merchants came a long way from

European countries, and also from Persia and Turkey. Only in 1897 61 580

horses were exported from Russia. Each tenth of them was purchased in Tambov

region. On fairs they sold not only separate horses, mainly it was the

business of small copers, the owners of stud farms sold the young grossly, by

so-called stakes after one famous stallion and different dams. Unblooded

horses on Tambov fairs were bought up for meat merchants from Denmark. A kilo

of horsemeat was equal in cost with a kilo of Danish butter. Vneshtorg knows

the price that the danish horsemeat lovers, the horsemeat is the

irreplaceable ingredient of top-grade sausage, are ready to pay us for horses

for meat.

Many brilliant trotters were grown up on Tambov stud farms. In 1904 at stud

farm of Afanasyev in village Yaroslavka, now the territory of Rzhaksa area

was born grey stallion Krepysh. His father was Gromadniy, the Imperial

prizewinner, and the mother Koketka, the grand daughter of Varvar –

prizewinner from the farm of well-known horse-breeder Rogov. Changing hands,

Krepysh in a 1907 stepped on the turfs of Moscow and St. Petersburg for the

first time. By his graceful pace he made a conquest of fans. Krepysh entered

the competitions for 79 times and in 55 races he was the first and he

established or improved 13 records. With heartache thousands of fans

witnessed a loss of Krepysh in February 1912 in Moscow to the American

trotter General Age. They did not blame their favorite but his american

jockey William Keaton, who, they believed, intentionally drive Krepysh in a

wrong way.

The Novotomnikovo stud farm

The stud farm in Novotomnikovo played a large part in the history of domestic

horse-breeding; it was founded by count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov

in 1860 and still exists now. In short time he bought up the best orlov’s

stallions and dams, paying no attention to the prices.

His new stud farm in Tambov area got famous after his bonded jockey

Oblopokhin on the stallion Zadorniy beat all capital jockeys on the horses

from the best prize-winning stables in St. Petersburg in 1861. Zadorniy made

three versts for 6 minutes and 6 seconds.

Vorontsov-Dashkov opened a new era in horseracing after he became in 1882 a

state manager of horse-breeding at tzar Alexander III request. At that time

he was the defense and domestic minister in the rank of adjutant general.

He turned the horse-breeding from lairds’ merry-making into real commerce.

The prices on the private stud farms were raised up. The owners of stud farms

in Moscow or St. Petersburg could be lucky enough and win whole bags in one

racing season.

In the last quarter of 19th century in a pursuit of high prizes the american

jockeys began to appear in St. Petersburg and Moscow more and more often on

theirs so-called “two-minutes” trotters – they cover a mile (1600 meters) for

two minutes and some seconds.

One of the first to Russia from America came Clayton’s, the well-known jockey

family – the father and sons with their own trotters. They established the

prize-winning stable and began the manufacturing of modern very light carts

with rubber wheels. Very soon they were unrivalled on the racecourses of

Moscow and St. Petersburg. One year Clayton and sons won almost all prizes

and earned more than 300,000 rubles. The horse-breeders got agitated and

began to repine. Some of them rushed to buy the very expensive American

trotters. Other protested demanding to forbid the performance of American

trotters in Russia.

In such conditions Vorontsov-Dashkov, as a head of domestic horse-breeding,

had to make a decision. He found a compromise. The prizes were divided into

two groups. One was for the horses of all breeds, other only for Oryol

trotters. But nevertheless, the count preferred American trotters. «The only

criterion of quality of a horse I consider a prize pole», - he told later.

With such reasoning Vorontsov-Dashkov made vigorous efforts buying American

trotters, not only for his stud farm and prize-winning stables in St.

Petersburg and Moscow, but also for state stud farms.

Vorontsov-Dashkov was interested in cross-breeding more than anybody else. He

always was present at horsing, sitting under a glass cap at center above one

of the stables. The count considered it to be so important, that often forced

his spouse Elizaveta Andreevna (Shuvalova before marriage) to be present on

it with visitors, which were in Novotomnikovo that time. The visitors were

only grand people: the members of tzar family, which arrival was marked with

planting of one more tree in oak alley of ancient park. Such as relatives of

four daughters married off in families of Shuvalov’s, Sheremetyev’s, Musin-

Pushkin’s, and Demidov’s.

The conversations about horses touched common interest, as all aristocracy

had stables and stud farms. This kind of private business was considered to

be almost the only activity that is not derogating dignity of a true

aristocrat.

By the end of 19th century on private and state stud farms in Russia there

were 20 trotters prizewinners of an American origin. In the mass order there

was a crossing of blooded Oryol dams with American trotters.

The most given was Vorontsov-Dashkov. Even two victories of “oryols” over

“americans” in summer season of 1898 didn’t cool him. The Oryol trotter Boets

broke the record on three miles established by American trotter Monnet. His

own mare Krylataya broke the record of Monnet on three and three quarters of

second in the same season. But he had made the choice, « his knight's move »,

and was not going to back up. Soon the count accepted on a service all

jockeys of Clayton’s family with the fantastic salary 300 thousands rubles

per year.

The outstanding scientist hippologist prince Sergei Urusov engaged in

controversy against Vorontsov-Dashkov. Urusov considered cross-breeding «as a

medicine not by illness». «The only developing of ability to quick trot, as

they have made with the trotter in America, - he wrote, - will result in

quick but narrow, boneless, long-legged horse without rib and quite often

without a back and completely useless in agriculture. It is necessary to

improve inside the breed. Bad can be born even from good but never good from

bad ».

Many years have passed since then and this dispute has not finished yet.

After the death of the count Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1916 his heirs, going to

leave the country, arranged cut-price sale of all horses’ elite of the farm.

In Soviet time it became only a branch of state stud farm in Morshansk.

By 1918 in Novotomnikovo left only three blooded mares of Oryol breed. Horses

were taken from stables both by “red” and “white”. The very nice farm before

now it fell to desolation and, as the saying goes, the farm was going. For

long time it was existing only as horsing point, on which only a dozen of

mares were blissomed per year.

By a lucky chance among the three left blooded Oryol dams there was the young

mare Opora. Later she was bound to play the outstanding role in domestic

horse-breeding and to save the breed of Oryol trotters from complete

oblivion. In a 1934 she gave birth to a colt named Otboy. His father was

stallion Burelom born in 1927. The Moscow scientist hippologist S. Kalinin

liked this streamlined trotter after the Moscow races in 1930 and advised to

pay the special attention to him.

Meanwhile stud farms kept cross-breeding of Oryol trot horses, what was

started before the revolution. Only now they cross-breed blooded Oryol mares

not with American trotters, the state did not give money to buy them, but

with crossbreeds’ posterity. At first they were called “american-oryols”,

then just Russian trotters. They were propagated on six stud farms, mainly on

Lavrovsk farm in our region.

The big work was performing continuously on creating and developing of that

new breed of thrifty trotters. The care for Oryol trotters was paled into

insignificance. The majority of the experts believed that this breed had

reached the limits of the further perfection. And, as it turned out, they

were wrong.

Today in stalls of Novotomnikovo stud farm stay the good-lookers of Oryol

breed restored by the efforts of horse-breeding enthusiasts. The farm

fosterlings have reached friskiness, which once was considered possible only

for American trotters. Now the Russian troyka, made from Oryol trotters

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